The issue of collective defence is again a major concern for many European
countries. It has to take into account a good number of major new developments.
A more assertive Russia. A new level of foreign policy coordination between Russia and China,
a policy that is clearly in competition with the Western interests and
approaches. The fake news, the political interference and the funding of
populist and far-right radical movements. The growing political gap and related
tensions between Europe and Turkey. The situation in the Middle East and the
Northern part of Africa. Terrorism. The US unprecedented new official policy
towards defence cooperation with Europe. And the very hesitant, ambiguous views
of the citizens regarding military expenditures.
And I would add one more, that is often left aside: the inept political
direction provided by the EU leaders, particularly when it comes to articulating defence and
security, military forces, intelligence and police services.
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