Sunday, 3 May 2026

Comparing sanctions regimes: Iran and North Korea


The prevailing strategy toward the Middle East in 2026—characterized by "maximum pressure," maritime blockades, and paternalistic threats of "punishment"—represents a catastrophic regression in international statecraft. This "predatory diplomacy" is not only ethically bankrupt but strategically illiterate, particularly when contrasted with the long-standing, paralyzed "soft approach" toward North Korea.

1. The Paternalism of "Misbehaviour": A Diplomatic Dead End

The current rhetoric reduces the complex, millennia-old "political DNA" of Iran to a juvenile dynamic. Terming the actions of a regional power as "misbehaving" is a fundamental category error that sabotages any prospect of a lasting settlement.

  • The Iran Context: By treating Tehran as a wayward child rather than a sovereign adversary, Washington ignores the reality that Iranian strategic culture is rooted in a "resistance economy" and a deep-seated suspicion of Western diktats.

  • The North Korea Contrast: While Iran is threatened with renewed strikes for "bad behaviour" despite its 14-point peace proposal, North Korea has built a nuclear arsenal under decades of "Strategic Patience." The global order is effectively telling Tehran: “Negotiate and we will suffocate you; arm yourself to the teeth like Pyongyang and we will eventually grant you a summit.”

2. The Myth of the "Surgical Strike" and "Elimination"

The political demand to "eliminate" a nation’s missile capacity through military force is a dangerous fantasy.

  • The Iran Context: Military infrastructure in Iran is hardened, dispersed, and embedded within civilian hubs. A "strike" is never just a strike; it is a declaration of total war that would inevitably trigger asymmetric retaliation across the Strait of Hormuz—the world’s most sensitive energy artery.

  • The Failure of Force: History shows that technical knowledge cannot be bombed out of existence. Strikes on the Iranian "brain trust" only accelerate the resolve to achieve the ultimate deterrent, mirroring the North Korean path where every round of pressure resulted in a more advanced missile test.

3. Economic Suffocation: Humanitarian Crime as Strategy

The current "suffocating" blockade, which prevents even medical and basic cargo from reaching civilian ports, is a violation of the spirit, if not the letter, of international law.

  • The Iran Context: Claiming that a blockade is "doing very well" because soldiers cannot be paid ignores the millions of civilians whose food and energy security are being held hostage for a "quick-win" deal.

  • The North Korea Contrast: For years, the international community provided food aid and "Sunshine Policy" engagement to Pyongyang to avoid humanitarian collapse. Applying a total blockade to Iran while having historically subsidized North Korea’s survival exposes a glaring lack of moral consistency.

4. The Geopolitical Chessboard vs. The Oil Market

Linking peace talks to the UAE leaving OPEC or driving down oil futures exposes the true, cynical motivation of the current escalation: Resource Coercion.

  • The Critique: When the US Treasury frames a blockade as a success because it might lower gas prices for Western consumers, it erodes any claim of "defending humanity." It reveals the conflict as a mercantilist war, where Iranian sovereignty is being sacrificed to manipulate the global energy market.

5. The Dangerous Erasion of the UN

Perhaps the most severe failure is the total marginalization of the UN Secretariat and the UN Charter in favour of personalized, "family-business" diplomacy.

  • The Strategic Risk: By conducting negotiations through personal envoys and son-in-laws rather than the UN’s institutional framework, the current administration is building a "house of cards." Without the UN's "Blue Book" of neutral mediation and the legitimacy of the Security Council, any deal made is temporary, non-binding, and destined to collapse the moment the political winds shift.

Conclusion: The "Catastrophic Miscalculation"

The world is witnessing a " might-is-right" approach that rewards nuclear proliferation (North Korea) and punishes diplomatic overtures (Iran’s 14-point plan). If the United Nations remains a spectator while the "Big Three" treat the high seas and sovereign nations as personal fiefdoms, we are not just witnessing the end of an Iranian peace process; we are witnessing the final expiration of the post-WWII rules-based order. The result will not be a "great deal," but a era of deliberate, daily insecurity.

The High Seas Treaty

The BBNJ: The Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction 

Formally the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction, the BBNJ is a landmark international treaty often called the High Seas Treaty. Background and Status
  • Adopted: June 19, 2023, after nearly two decades of discussions and intense negotiations.
  • Entered into force: January 17, 2026, after reaching the 60-ratification threshold (it has since seen broader ratification and signatures, with around 145 signatories and over 85 parties as of recent counts).
  • It serves as the third implementing agreement to the 1982 UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea), complementing existing frameworks for fisheries, shipping, and seabed mining without overriding them.
Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) cover: two-thirds of the ocean (high seas water column + the international "Area" of the seabed). These regions represent the largest habitat on Earth but have long had governance gaps, especially for biodiversity protection amid threats like overfishing, pollution, climate change, and emerging activities (e.g., deep-sea mining, bioprospecting).Core ObjectiveTo ensure the conservation and sustainable use of marine biological diversity in ABNJ for present and future generations, through effective UNCLOS implementation and enhanced international cooperation. Four Main Pillars ("Packages")The agreement is structured around four interconnected themes:
  1. Marine Genetic Resources (MGRs), Including Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits
    Regulates access to genetic material from high-seas organisms (e.g., for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, or biotechnology) and their digital sequence information.
    Emphasizes benefit-sharing (monetary and non-monetary) to support developing states, including capacity-building and technology transfer. It promotes open access with transparency mechanisms while addressing equity.
  2. Area-Based Management Tools (ABMTs), Including Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
    Establishes a global framework for creating MPAs and other tools in the high seas.
    Decisions aim for science-based, inclusive processes (with COP approval). This is a major gap-filler, as prior high-seas protections were fragmented.
  3. Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs)
    Requires parties to assess potential impacts of planned activities in ABNJ (or activities under their jurisdiction that could affect ABNJ).
    Includes thresholds for significant harm, public reporting via a Clearing-House Mechanism, and consideration of cumulative effects. It promotes a precautionary approach.
  4. Capacity-Building and Transfer of Marine Technology (CB&TMT)
    Focuses on helping developing states participate effectively, with obligations for technology transfer, training, and funding to reduce inequalities in ocean science and governance.
Key Institutional and Cross-Cutting Elements
  • Conference of the Parties (COP): Main decision-making body.
  • Scientific and Technical Body: Provides expert advice.
  • Clearing-House Mechanism: Central hub for information sharing, transparency, and benefit-sharing data.
  • Secretariat: Administrative support (location under discussion — bids from Xiamen/China, Valparaíso/Chile, and Brussels/Belgium; decision expected at COP1).
  • Funding Mechanism: To support implementation, especially for developing countries.
  • Principles include equity, precaution, ecosystem approach, and respect for UNCLOS rights (e.g., freedom of navigation, marine scientific research).
Geopolitical Context (Relevant to Your Blog)China's bid to host the Secretariat in Xiamen highlights the treaty's strategic importance. Hosting offers influence over agenda-setting, data management, and norm interpretation — especially as China positions itself as a leader in "Global South" multilateralism while navigating its own maritime interests (e.g., fishing fleets, South China Sea claims). The choice (to be finalized at COP1) could affect perceptions of neutrality, given ongoing disputes and the treaty's emphasis on the "common heritage of mankind." Strengths and Challenges
  • Strengths: Fills critical UNCLOS gaps, promotes equity, enables high-seas MPAs, and sets standards for emerging activities. It encourages coordination across sectors.
  • Challenges: Implementation details (e.g., exact benefit-sharing formulas, MPA proposal/voting thresholds) will evolve at COP meetings. It respects existing bodies (e.g., no direct override of fisheries or mining regimes), which can limit ambition. Enforcement relies on state compliance and cooperation.
The BBNJ Agreement represents a significant step toward treating the high seas as a shared global commons rather than a lawless frontier. Its success will depend on rapid ratification, robust COP decisions, and actual funding/technology flows. For deeper reading, the official UN text and High Seas Alliance briefings are excellent resources.