Sunday, 10 May 2015

Juncker at Leuven University: notes on his style

Jean-Claude Juncker gave a long talk last week about Europe at the old and famous Leuven University near Brussels.

He is a very experienced politician and the presentation just confirmed that. He has indeed been around for many years, he has seen many politicians, big and small. And he knows every detail about a good deal of matters.

But he seems to require some advice about his public speaking style. He addressed the audience in French, without caring about the fact that many in the room could not understand the language and that he had been asked to speak in English. Furthermore, during the question-and-answer time, his replies had a touch of arrogance that is not helpful. In the end, arrogance – even if it is only over-confidence – can actually be damaging.

He also looks older than his age and a bit tired for the job.

Can anyone in his circle help him to look into these matters?





Saturday, 9 May 2015

Europe: a call for dialogue

I am certainly very impressed by the Moscow parade and rally on this Victory Day, which is also Europe´s Day. But in the end, this should be a day to call for renewed dialogue and cooperation between Russia and our part of Europe. If we really want to honour all those who lost their lives during the last big war in Europe, we should pledge a new and strong commitment to peace and mutual respect. 

Friday, 8 May 2015

The EU voters are looking for predictability and security

A detailed analysis of David Cameron´s electoral victory teaches us a few political lessons. Paramount among them is the one related to predictability. In the UK and in many other corners of the EU, the citizen is ready to support the leader that is perceived as the best provider of stability and security, including economic security. The Europeans, after so many years of a deep economic crisis and many bits and pieces of bad news coming from other parts of the world not too far from our Continent, are unsettled. They feel their well-being and the many advantages they have acquired during the last decades are under threat. They tend then to be conservative and anxious to elect a leader that is seen as steady, strong and risk averse.


Thursday, 7 May 2015

UK elections bring bad news to the EU

The initial exit polls show that David Cameron will continue to lead the UK as Prime Minister. If this is indeed confirmed, it will be challenging news for the EU project. Cameron will have to go ahead with the referendum on Europe, as promised. Such vote will not take place before the end of 2017. That would mean two years of uncertainty and serious British pressure on the EU institutions to try to force them to backpedal on a good number of decisions that have been adopted to promote greater coherence in Europe. These will certainly be two difficult years for those in Brussels and elsewhere who believe that Europe is by far the best option for a brighter future.





Wednesday, 6 May 2015

Immigration into Europe is a very delicate matter

It would certainly be a serious mistake to simplify the immigration issue in today´s Europe. The illegal crossings of the Mediterranean Sea are a complex matter and do require serious ponderation. Any simplification of it would certainly be very attractive to many minds but it would also be a serious mistake. There are many dimensions that need to be taken into account when defining an approach to such a large movement of people. And the debate is not paying attention to them, I am afraid. 

Tuesday, 5 May 2015

Germany is the power in the EU machinery

In all institutions it is important to analyse who are the power brokers, the people of real influence, or said differently, the ones that are at the centre of the most critical decisions and decisively influence the formal leaders ‘choices. In the case of the EU in Brussels, out of the five true powerful men –all five are men – three are German nationals. Guess who?

Sunday, 3 May 2015

Human rights first

Human rights must remain the foundation of any society. People should be respected and the protection of poor and powerless people should take the primacy in any type of intervention. If we take such an approach as the guiding principle we have a safe political compass. People can then take care of their own lives and try their best to have a decent livelihood.


Everything that tries to circumvent a human-rights first policy is just the wrong way of doing things. At the UN, we have learned the importance of such a way of doing business. But we tend, from time to time, to forget it and be friendly with the wrong side of the problem. Good leadership is about keeping the focus on what we know is important. 

Thursday, 30 April 2015

The narrative about peace operations should be seriously improved

The questions and the debate that followed my presentation on UN peace operations – yesterday´s post was about the public address I delivered on 28 April on the subject – have once again shown the need for a greater investment on a positive narrative on peacekeeping. It was clear that even a better educated audience has a biased perception about the mandates and the role of the UN in peacekeeping and peace building. I have actually been confronted with the same situation in the exercises I do with senior officers from my part of the world. The misinformation and misunderstandings are just too many. They have, obviously, an impact on the way the European politicians see the participation of their forces in UN operations. They make it more difficult for people like me to advocate for a stronger EU commitment to military and police missions led by the UN.

There are a number of things the UN and the supporters of international solidarity should do better in the field of peace and security. For sure one of them has to do with messaging. If they cannot win the narrative they will not be able to get more support. 

Wednesday, 29 April 2015

My keynote address on UN peace operations

Yesterday I delivered a public talk on the reform on the UN peace operations. It was organised by GRIP (Group for Research and Information on Peace and Security), an independent Brussels-based think tank, the APNU (Association pour les Nations Unies de Belgique) and the University of Louvain-la-Neuve. It took place at the headquarters of Wallonie-Bruxelles Internationale and attracted quite a large audience. 

The issue is very much a current one as we come close to know what the panel established at the end of October 2014 by the UN Secretary-General will propose as reforms. This panel is mandated to reflect on sharpening the UN response to peace challenges. Its composition reflects, above all, two things: field experience and a geopolitical balancing act by the Secretary-general.

I think I should share with my readers the notes that guided my presentation, notwithstanding the fact they are written in the French language.

Please find them below.


Conférence du 28 Avril 2015


Mon intervention est inspirée

1.         RĂ©solution pacifique des conflits : nĂ©gociations, accords de paix, Ă©quilibre entre des intĂ©rĂªts divergents ; c´est la seule solution durable

2.         La politique d´abord, avant l´utilisation de la force

3.         La nĂ©cessitĂ© de renforcer les capacitĂ©s des Nations Unies en matière de rĂ©solution de conflits, y compris une meilleure intĂ©gration des efforts de DPA, DPKO et de la PBC ; au fait, les opĂ©rations de paix sont avant tout un instrument politique

4.         La valeur de la solidaritĂ© entre les Ă©tats, particulièrement quand il s´agit des Ă©tats plus fragiles, qui sont confrontĂ©s avec des menaces terroristes ou de criminalitĂ© organisĂ©e Ă  une Ă©chelle rĂ©gionale ou internationale

5.         Le Panel de Haut Niveau, Ă©tabli Ă  la fin Octobre 2014 est une bonne dĂ©cision. Beaucoup de choses ont changĂ© depuis le Rapport Brahimi de 2000
Le Rapport du Panel va certainement susciter une série de débats

6.         L´acceptation du rĂ´le du Conseil de SĂ©curitĂ©, malgrĂ© toutes les critiques que l´on puisse faire au regard de sa composition ; une vieille question : quand je suis arrivĂ© Ă  NY en Janvier 1998 le Japon…

Le Conseil de Sécurité:

Positif:
1.         Source de lĂ©gitimitĂ©; acceptĂ© para les Étas comme l´autoritĂ© ultime

2.         Tous les Ă©tats souhaitent l´accord du SC

3.         SC accorde une attention assez significative aux OpĂ©rations de Paix

4.         ExpĂ©rience en la matière

5.         Ses dĂ©cisions engagent des ressources financières

6.         Capable de forcer les Agences, Fonds et Programmes Ă  travailler ensemble

  
Négatif
1.         DivisĂ©; primautĂ© des intĂ©rĂªts gĂ©opolitiques des P5 par rapport Ă  la rĂ©solution des crises; impossibilitĂ© de dĂ©cider sur les grandes crises ; divisions se sont aggravĂ©es avec la crise en Libye en 2011

2.         Incapable de donner une direction stratĂ©gique au SecrĂ©tariat et aux missions; rĂ©actif et superficiel ; jaloux des capacitĂ©s et des prĂ©rogatives du SecrĂ©tariat

3.         Le concept de mission intĂ©grĂ©e n´a jamais Ă©tĂ© bien compris donnant lieu Ă  des mandats trop vastes

4.         Reste figĂ© dans une perspective d´Ă©tat national ; tendance Ă  voir tout Ă  partir de la perspective des gouvernements nationaux

5.         Pas vraiment prĂ©parĂ© pour rĂ©pondre aux dĂ©fis posĂ©s par les acteurs non-Ă©tatiques

6.         Beaucoup plus intĂ©ressĂ© par le Maintien de la Paix que par les Missions Politiques ou de  Peace Building ; les Missions de Maintien de la Paix coutent beaucoup d´argent, ont des militaires et des policiers, sont beaucoup plus « intĂ©ressantes »

7.         Les liens entre Maintien de la Paix et Peace Building ne sont pas toujours clairs ; des missions de Peace Building ont Ă©tĂ© approuvĂ©es quand on voulait fermer une mission DPKO ou alors quand on ne voulait pas engager des nouvelles dĂ©penses

8.         Glissement en matière de respect pour les principes fondamentaux des opĂ©rations de paix ; prĂ©fĂ©rence des P3 pour des opĂ©rations robustes

Les principes fondamentaux du Maintien de la Paix sont de plus en plus mis en cause par les nouvelles façons de maintenir la paix
•          Consentement des Parties
•          ImpartialitĂ©
•          Non recours Ă  la force (sauf en cas de lĂ©gitime dĂ©fense ou de dĂ©fense du mandat)

Ces dernières années, le CS a introduit le concept de Maintien de la Paix Robuste
•          Le maintien de la paix robuste implique l’emploi de la force au niveau tactique avec    l’autorisation du Conseil de sĂ©curitĂ© et le consentement du pays hĂ´te et/ou des principales parties au conflit.

Doit-on revenir aux principes ?
Faut-il laisser le SC décider quand les missions peuvent aller au-delà des principes ? Et dans ce cas, les principes servent à quoi ?
Il faut certainement bien faire la distinction entre OpĂ©rations Offensives (Enforcement) et OpĂ©rations d´Appui Ă  un processus de paix, Ă  un processus politique
A Mon avis :
•          Les OpĂ©rations Offensives devraient Ăªtre conduites par des Coalitions de Forces avec un mandat du SC 

Ou

•          Par des Organisations RĂ©gionales (AU ; NATO ; EU ; CSTO ; etc)
Mais …   Toujours avec un mandat qui a Ă©tĂ© approuvĂ© par le CS


Aussi il faudrait utiliser les organisations régionales comme
            Entry forces : premières forces sur le terrain en attendant le dĂ©ploiement ONU
            En cas d´urgence -  POC et atrocitĂ©s ; pour des raisons d´urgence humanitaire
           
Quelques commentaires au niveau du Secrétariat des NU
o          UN a beaucoup appris depuis 2000 –Rapport Brahimi
            Je le dis souvent aux militaires de l´OTAN
o          UN a surtout beaucoup Ă©voluĂ© ces dernières annĂ©es depuis 2010 en matière de:
                      Logistiques  (Entebbe, Brindisi et Valence)
                      CoopĂ©ration entre les missions
                      Police

o          Mais DPKO, DPA et PBSO doivent approfondir la coopĂ©ration entre eux.

o          PBSO devrait Ăªtre intĂ©grĂ© dans DPA ou dans DPKO ; ma prĂ©fĂ©ence serait une intĂ©gration dans DPKO

o          DĂ©partement de Management doit revoir la procĂ©dure et autoriser les agences des NU Ă  rĂ©aliser des activitĂ©s, contre remboursement, pour les missions sur le terrain

o          Aussi, il est nĂ©cessaire d´Ă©tablir de  meilleurs liens entre les missions de paix et PNUD et UN Office on Drugs and Crime

o          UN SecrĂ©tariat doit aussi Ăªtre plus courageux, plus direct et ne pas hĂ©siter quand il s´agit de faire des recommandations au SC

United States
US Personnel in DPKO Missions end of March 2015 : 64 UNPOL   44 MIL      ( RUSSIA   UNPOL 24   MIL 46)
African Peacekeeping Rapid Response Partnership:  AnnoncĂ©e par le PrĂ©sident Obama en Aout 2014 
$110 millions par annĂ©e entre 3 – 5 ans
6 pays
            Ethiopie
            Ghana
            Rwanda
            SĂ©nĂ©gal
            Tanzanie
            Ouganda
US préfèrent une approche par pays ; des pays prioritaires

Autres travaillent directement avec UA comme par ex : EU, Norvège
African Standby Force
Le role croissant des RECs (Africa´s Regional Economic Communities)
La capacité des forces militaires africaines et les standards des NU

European Union :
Personnel in DPKO missions end of March 2015:  UNPOL 214  5583 MIL
A joué un rôle important au Tchad, au Congo et au Mali
Devrait cependant s´engagĂ© davantage aux Nations Unies ; Ă  mon avis, l´expĂ©rience (bonne et moins bonne) gagnĂ©e avec MINUSMA devrait Ăªtre considĂ©rĂ©e comme une opportunitĂ© pour identifier ce qui doit Ăªtre modifiĂ© au niveau des NU et permettre une plus grande participation des pays EU
2011  “Plan of Action to Enhance EU CSDP Support to UN Peacekeeping”
Parlements et Opinion Publique EU doivent Ăªtre plus sensibilisĂ©s.
L’opinion publique est aujourd´hui une variable stratĂ©gique

UE doit contribuer avec plus de :
            Militaires ; diffĂ©rence de prĂ©paration, de mĂ©thodes de travail et des taux de remboursement
            Police
            Administrateurs civils

Aider certains pays Ă  dĂ©velopper leurs capacitĂ©s de sĂ©curitĂ©. 
EU African Peace Initiative : The three main strands of action are capacity building, peace support operations and the development of an early response mechanism.
Militaire, gendarmerie et surtout police

La police est très souvent le parent le plus pauvre dans les pays en crise.


            En conclusion :
•          Tout peut se rĂ©sumer Ă  des questions de crĂ©dibilitĂ©, de capacitĂ© de rĂ©ponse et de temps; il faut savoir gĂ©rer les attentes, obtenir des rĂ©sultats et sortir Ă  temps.

•          RĂ©forme ou marginalisation ? PlutĂ´t le risque de rĂ©forme et marginalisation.
Il y a une volonté de réforme, il y aura des améliorations, mais il y a ausssi les contradictions au sein de la communauté internationale et une tradition de timidité au Sécrétariat.

Les NU seront très occupĂ©es, il y aura une demande continue pour des opĂ©rations de paix, mais le risque est de devoir traiter seulement des conflits d´intĂ©rĂªt local, « les conflits des pauvres ». 

Monday, 27 April 2015

Nepal´s tragedy calls for sustained support

Nepal´s earthquake and its aftershocks have caused a major humanitarian disaster. I feel extremely sorry for the Nepalese people and all those who have been directed impacted by the catastrophe.

A number of rescue teams, from several countries, have responded to the crisis. This is an area where the international community has been able to build capacity to respond fast.

t is also an area that requires strong coordination mechanisms. The efforts of the many official and non-governmental agencies that have been deployed to Nepal need to be properly integrated. Very often the host authorities are not in a position to do the required coordination. They are too busy responding to the many individual dramas throughout the disaster area. That´s why it is important for the UN to deploy a strong coordination management team. If it is composed of experienced people it will be much easier for its authority to be accepted by all the other players.

Let´s hope that´s the case this time.

After the initial response comes the very long process of rebuilding. It will require a very steady support from the international community. Nepal cannot do it alone. Unfortunately past experience shows that the mobilisation of resources from the international community is not an easy task. There is money for a quick humanitarian response, but there is little left for long term assistance. A big country needs to take the lead and help to attract other donors. Could it be India? In my opinion, and because of regional geopolitical considerations, it would be better to look for a godfather elsewhere, outside the vicinity of Nepal.

That will be a complex political challenge.